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The Principles of Teaching and Learning Vocabulary Effectively
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2022
Pages:
55-60
Received:
7 August 2022
Accepted:
17 October 2022
Published:
28 October 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.cls.20220804.11
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Abstract: Vocabulary is words of a language, including single items and phrases or chunks of several words which covey a particular meaning. It represents one of most important skills necessary for teaching and learning a second or a foreign language. It considered to be essential to improve skills such as reading comprehension, listening comprehension, speaking, writing, spelling and pronunciation. Vocabulary is classified into two major categories; expressive vocabulary, such as speaking and writing; and receptive vocabulary, such reading and listening. Vocabulary play a crucial rule in writing skill; as it considered to be as a magical tool that a good writer utilize it to power up any piece of writing, as it allows him to convey a particular meaning in more than one style. Learning vocabulary could be easy for some learners; however, others may found it difficult. In order to help learners who have difficulty in learning vocabularies, there are some techniques that they could utilize to make learning vocabulary easy and effective; such as repetition, practicing words in real life, link the vocabularies to the pictures; and finally, writing down new vocabularies more than one time could be helpful. Teaching vocabulary could be hard for both teachers and learner; however, there are some ways that could make this operation easy. Using previous techniques and the following tips could fix the problem; playing games through the class such as puzzles; illustrate the meaning of the word; give multiple meaning; create interesting story about it; use realia substances, present synonyms and antonyms; use the new word in context; use root of the word, suffix, prefix to guess the meaning. In brief, teaching vocabulary could be effective if both teacher and the learner are interested and tried to use different techniques and follow tips to success teaching/learning process.
Abstract: Vocabulary is words of a language, including single items and phrases or chunks of several words which covey a particular meaning. It represents one of most important skills necessary for teaching and learning a second or a foreign language. It considered to be essential to improve skills such as reading comprehension, listening comprehension, spea...
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“The Other as the Enemy”: Political Discourse and Intolerance in Contemporary Brazil
Abreu de Morais Argus Romero
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2022
Pages:
61-70
Received:
20 June 2022
Accepted:
26 September 2022
Published:
31 October 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.cls.20220804.12
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Abstract: In this study, we aim to evaluate the formation of the political discourse of the current Brazilian extreme right through four utterances produced by Federal Deputy Jair Bolsonaro (Social Liberal Party), namely: three posts on his profile page on the social network Facebook in 2015 and 2016, and his vote in the Chamber of Deputies in favor of the impeachment procedure against President Dilma Rousseff (Workers’ Party), on April 16, 2016. In the first section, we discuss the historical organization of the extreme right’s political discourse as of the June 2013 protests, evaluating the confluence between political, neoliberal, conservative Christian and military nationalist discourses. In the second section, we investigate the rhetorical strategies of the political discourse of parliamentarians through the interface between eristic refutations and intolerant discourses. In the third, we bring together the approaches of Lakoff & Johnson, Paveau and Cameron & Deignam to metaphor and the reinterpretation of Hall’s ideology concept to suggest the theoretical-methodological category of distributed emergent metaphors. Finally, in the fourth section, we analyze the utterances produced by Deputy Bolsonaro. As a conclusion, we suggest that (i) the political discourse of the current Brazilian extreme right, which has Bolsonaro as its main representative, is based on the convergence between different conservative cultures in Brazil; (ii) the denial of the other in the discourse conveyed by the congressman constitutes the tension between the argumentative strategies of eristic refutations and the radical denial of the other produced by intolerance; and (iii) intolerant discourses are organized by the structural metaphor “the other is the enemy”.
Abstract: In this study, we aim to evaluate the formation of the political discourse of the current Brazilian extreme right through four utterances produced by Federal Deputy Jair Bolsonaro (Social Liberal Party), namely: three posts on his profile page on the social network Facebook in 2015 and 2016, and his vote in the Chamber of Deputies in favor of the i...
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Vietnamese English Speakers’ Conception of Time Through Spatial Metaphors and Its Implications on Cross-Cultural Communication
Tran Thanh Du,
Au Minh Triet,
Nguyen Tran Uy Vu
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2022
Pages:
71-79
Received:
16 October 2022
Accepted:
7 November 2022
Published:
16 November 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.cls.20220804.13
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Abstract: This study briefly reviews the empirical history of the aforementioned questions and describes the process of designing and conducting two experiments that demonstrate the role of language in shaping habitual thought, with the subjects being Vietnamese English speakers (2nd and 3rd year English majors from Thu Dau Mot University - TDMU). The results are placed and analyzed in contrast with a similar study done on Chinese English speakers to determine whether Vietnamese English speakers utilize similar spatiotemporal metaphors of their first language when thinking about time in English and whether their patterns differ from that of Mandarin and native English speakers. It is concluded that (1) conception of abstract domains such as time can be shaped in a speaker's thought by the language (s) they speak and (2) one's native tongue has a significant influence in shaping habitual thought but does not wholly regulate one's cognitive power as espoused by the Whorfian view of linguistics. From the research results, this research help to call to attention the fascinating intersectionality of language, culture, and history within a language of a non-dominant culture and former colony, as expressed through its speakers' way of thinking about time. In language education at large, these experiment's results should provide understandings regarding the changing nature of student's cognitive habits in relation to their foreign language proficiency. Since TDMU English majors could possibly possess both English and Mandarin's perception of time, it would be interesting if their results from these experiments are put into comparison with students from non-linguistic majors but attending one of the aforementioned secondary language class provided by TDMU's Foreign Language Center in order to paint a clear picture regarding the thought-shaping properties of potentially all three subject languages (Vietnamese, English, and Mandarin).
Abstract: This study briefly reviews the empirical history of the aforementioned questions and describes the process of designing and conducting two experiments that demonstrate the role of language in shaping habitual thought, with the subjects being Vietnamese English speakers (2nd and 3rd year English majors from Thu Dau Mot University - TDMU). The result...
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Measuring Student Translators’ Cognitive Effort with Pauses: A Comparative Analysis of Human Translation and MT Post-Editing
Issue:
Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2022
Pages:
80-84
Received:
10 November 2022
Accepted:
1 December 2022
Published:
8 December 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.cls.20220804.14
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Abstract: Measuring the cognitive effort involved in the translation production is one of the most important issues in translation and in MT post-editing. The present study investigated student translators’ cognitive effort with pauses by comparing their processes in human translation and MT post-editing. Translog II, a keyboard recording software, was used to record the translation process data. Sixteen sophomores majoring in English participated in the experiment. Mean duration of processing time and average pause duration per word under different thresholds (TG300, TG500, TG1000, TG2000 and TG5000) were used as indicators to measure cognitive effort. The results show that students translators tend to perform post-editing tasks faster than human translation, and their post-editing processes need less cognitive effort than human translation as indicated by less mean duration processing time and shorter average pause duration per word under the thresholds of 300 ms, 500 ms and 1000 ms (TG300, TG500, TG1000). It is worth mentioning that when the thresholds of pauses are longer, reaching 2000 ms or more, there is no significant difference between the two tasks for student translators. In the process of post-editing, the student translators were more concerned about machine translation text, mainly for checking and correcting machine translation errors, especially grammatical errors; while in the process of human translation, they invested more cognitive effort to understand the source text.
Abstract: Measuring the cognitive effort involved in the translation production is one of the most important issues in translation and in MT post-editing. The present study investigated student translators’ cognitive effort with pauses by comparing their processes in human translation and MT post-editing. Translog II, a keyboard recording software, was used ...
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